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Publications
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Linden A. Assessing medication adherence using Stata. Stata Journal 2019 (In press) |
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Ryan AM, Kontopantelis E, Linden A, Burgess JF. Now trending: Coping with non-parallel trends in difference-in-differences analysis. Statistical Methods in Medical Research
DOI: 10.1177/0962280218814570 |
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Linden A. Using Randomization tests to assess treatment effects in multiple-group interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2019;25:5-10.
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Cross DA, Nong P, Lemak CH, Cohen GR, Linden A, Adler-Milstein J. Practice strategies to improve primary care for high-needs patients under a pay-for-value program. Healthcare 2019;7:30-37. |
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Platt K, Thompson A, Lin P, Banerjee T, Linden A, Fendrick AM. Utilization of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Not Using Insulin. JAMA Internal Medicine 2019;179:269-272. |
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Yarnold PR, Linden A. Using Fixed and Relative Optimal Discriminant Thresholds in Randomized Blocks (Matched-Pairs) Designs. Optimal Data Analysis 2019;8:114-121. |
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Linden A, Bryant FB, Yarnold PR. Logistic Discriminant Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling Both Identify Effects in Random Data. Optimal Data Analysis 2019;8:97-102. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Multi-layer perceptron neural net model identifies effect in random data. Optimal Data Analysis 2019;8:94-96. |
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Yarnold PR, Linden A. Optimizing Suboptimal Classification Trees: Matlab® CART Model Predicting Probability of Lower Limb Prosthesis User’s Functional Potential. Optimal Data Analysis 2019;8:84-93. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Effect of Sample Size on Discovery of Relationships in Random Data by Classification Algorithms. Optimal Data Analysis 2019;8:76-80. |
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Yarnold PR, Linden A. Novometric stepwise CTA analysis discriminating three class Categories using two ordered attributes. Optimal Data Analysis 2019;8:68-71. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Some machine learning algorithms find relationships between variables when none exist -- CTA doesn’t. Optimal Data Analysis 2019;8:64-67. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Using machine learning to evaluate treatment effects in multiple-group interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:740-744. |
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Linden A. Using forecast modelling to evaluate treatment effects in single-group interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:695-700. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Comparative accuracy of a diagnostic index modeled using (optimized) regression vs. novometrics. Optimal Data Analysis 2018;7:66-71. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Identifying maximum-accuracy cut-points for diagnostic indexes via ODA. Optimal Data Analysis 28;701:59-65. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Reanalysis of the National Supported Work experiment using ODA. Optimal Data Analysis 2018;7:54-58. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Using ODA in the evaluation of randomized trials: application to survival outcomes. Optimal Data Analysis 2018;7:50-53. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Using ODA in the evaluation of randomized trials. Optimal Data Analysis 2018;7:46-49. |
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Linden A. Review of “A Course in Item Response Theory and Modeling with Stata” by Raykov and Marcoulides. Stata Journal 2018;18:485-488. |
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Linden A. Using group-based trajectory modelling to enhance causal inference in interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:502-507. |
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Linden A. Using permutation tests to enhance causal inference in interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:496-501. |
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Linden A. Combining synthetic controls and interrupted time series analysis to improve causal inference in program evaluation. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:447-453. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. The Australian gun buy-back program and the rate of suicide by firearm. Optimal Data Analysis 2018;7:28-35. |
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Linden A. A matching framework to improve causal inference in interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:408-415. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Estimating causal effects for
survival (time-to-event) outcomes by combining classification tree
analysis and propensity score weighting. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:380-387. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Identifying causal mechanisms in health care interventions using classification tree analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2018;24:353-361. |
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Kullgren JT, Krupka E, Schachter A, Linden A, Miller J, Acharya Y, Alford J, Duffy R, Adler-Milstein J. Precommitting to choose wisely about low-value services: A stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. BMJ – Quality & Safety 2018;27:355-364. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Minimizing imbalances on patient
characteristics between treatment groups in randomized trials using
classification tree analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:1309-1315. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Modeling time-to-event (survival) data using classification tree analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:1299-1308. |
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Yarnold PR, Linden A. Computing propensity score weights for CTA models involving perfectly predicted endpoints. Optimal Data Analysis 2017;6:43-46. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Using classification tree analysis to generate propensity score weights. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:703-712. |
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Linden A. Improving causal inference with a doubly robust estimator that combines propensity score stratification and weighting. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:697-702. |
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Linden A. A comparison of approaches for stratifying on the propensity score to reduce bias. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:690-696 |
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Linden A. A comprehensive set of post-estimation measures to enrich interrupted time series analysis. Stata Journal 2017;17:73-88. |
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Linden A. Persistent threats to validity in single-group interrupted time series analysis with a crossover design. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:419-425. |
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Linden A. Challenges to validity in single-group interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:413-418. |
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Yarnold PR, Linden A. Theoretical aspects of the D statistic. Optimal Data Analysis 2016;5:171-174. |
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Yarnold PR, Linden A. Novometric analysis with ordered class variables: The optimal alternative to linear regression analysis. Optimal Data Analysis 2016;5:65-73. |
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Linden A.
Maximizing Predictive Accuracy By P. R. Yarnold R. C. Soltysik. ODA Books, Chicago, IL, 2016, $98.00, 396 pp. ISBN 0 692 70092 7. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;22:835-838.
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Linden A, Yarnold PR.Combining machine learning and propensity score weighting to estimate causal effects in multivalued treatments. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;22:875-885.
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Combining machine learning and matching techniques to improve causal inference in program evaluation. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;22:868-874. |
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Yarnold PR, Linden A. Using machine learning to model dose-response relationships via ODA: eliminating response variable baseline variation by ipsative standardization. Optimal Data Analysis 2016(5):41-52. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR, Nallomothu BK. Using machine learning to model dose-response relationships. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;22:860-867. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Using machine learning to identify structural breaks in single-group interrupted time series designs. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;22:855-859. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Using machine learning to assess covariate balance in matching studies. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;22:848-854. |
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Linden A, Yarnold PR. Using data mining techniques to characterize participation in observational studies. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;22:839-847. |
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Linden A,
Uysal SD, Ryan A, Adams JL. Estimating causal effects for multivalued treatments: A comparison of approaches. Statistics in Medicine 2016;(35):534-552. |
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Linden A. Conducting interrupted time series analysis for single and multiple group comparisons. Stata Journal 2015;15(2):480-500. |
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Linden A. Estimating measurement error of the Patient Activation Measure for respondents with partially missing data. BioMed Research International 2015;1-7.
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Linden A.
Graphical displays for assessing covariate balance in matching studies. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2015;21(1):242-247. |
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Linden A, Butterworth SW. A comprehensive hospital-based
intervention to reduce readmissions for chronically ill patients: A randomized
controlled trial. American Journal of Managed Care 2014;20(10):783-792. |
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Linden A. Combining propensity score-based stratification and weighting to improve causal inference in the evaluation of health care interventions. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2014;20(6):1065-1071. |
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Linden A. Review of An Introduction to Stata for Health Researchers, Fourth Edition, by Juul and Frydenberg. Stata Journal 2014;14(3):697-700. |
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Linden A. Assessing regression to the mean effects in health care initiatives. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013;(119):1-7. |
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Linden A, Karlson KB. Using mediation analysis to identify causal mechanisms in disease management interventions. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 2013;13:86-108. |
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Linden A, Samuels SJ. Using balance statistics to determine the optimal number of controls in matching studies. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2013;19(5):68-975. |
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Elissen AMJ, Adams JL, Spreeuwenberg M, Duimel-Peeters IGP, Spreeuwenberg C, Linden A, Vrijhoef HJM. Advancing current approaches to disease management evaluation: capitalizing on heterogeneity to understand what works and for whom. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013;13(40)1-12. |
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Linden A, Samuels SJ. Estimating measurement error when annualizing health care costs. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2013;19(5):933-937. |
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Linden A, Adams JL. Combining the regression-discontinuity design and propensity-score based weighting to improve causal inference in program evaluation. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2012;18(2):317-325. |
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Linden A, Bonollo M, Fiddes K. A successful hospital-based disease management program to reduce admissions among patients with multiple chronic illnesses. International Journal of Person Centered Medicine 2011;1(4):675-682. |
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Linden A, Adams JL. Applying a propensity-score based weighting model to interrupted time series data: improving causal inference in program evaluation. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2011;17:1231-1238. |
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Linden A. Identifying spin in health management evaluations. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice2011;17:1223-1230. |
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Linden A. Designing a prospective study when randomization is not feasible. Evaluation & the Health Professions 2011;34(2):164-180. |
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Couto J, Webster L, Romney M, Leider H, Linden A. Use of an algorithm applied to urine drug screening to assess adherence to a hydrocodone regimen. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics 2011;36(2):200-207. |
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Linden A, Biuso TJ, Butterworth SW. Help patients with chronic kidney disease stave off dialysis. Journal of Family Practice 2010;59(4):212-219. |
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Linden A, Butterworth SW, Prochaska JO. Motivational interviewing-based health coaching as a chronic care intervention. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2010;16:166-174. |
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Linden A, Adams JL. Using propensity score-based weighting in the evaluation of health management programme effectiveness. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2010;16:175-179. |
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Linden A, Adams JL. Evaluating health management programmes over time. Application of propensity score-based weighting to longitudinal data. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2010;16:180-185. |
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Couto J, Webster L, Romney M, Leider H, Linden A. Using an algorithm applied to urine drug screening to assess adherence to an OxyContin regimen. Journal of Opiod Management 2009;5(6):359-364. |
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Linden A, Adams JL. Improving participant selection in disease management programmes: insights gained from propensity score stratification. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2008;14(5):914-918. |
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Linden A. Sample size in disease management program evaluation: the challenge of demonstrating a statistically significant reduction in admissions. Disease Management 2008;11(2):95-101. |
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Linden A, Adler-Milstein J. Medicare disease management in a policy context. Health Care Finance Review 2008;29(3):1-11. |
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Rastogi A, Linden A, Nissenson AR. Disease management in chronic kidney disease. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 2008;15(1):19-28. |
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Linden A, Biuso TJ, Gopal A, Barker AF, Cigarroa J, Haranath SP, Rinkevich D, Stajduhar K. Consensus development and application of ICD-9 codes for defining chronic illnesses and their complications. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2007;15(5):315-322. |
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Butterworth S, Linden A, McClay W. Health coaching as an intervention in health management programs. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2007;15(5):299-307. |
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Linden A, Goldberg S. The case-mix of chronic illness hospitalization rates in a managed care population: implications for health management programmes. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2007;13(6):947-951. |
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Linden A, Berg GD, Wadhwa S. Evaluation of a Medicaid asthma disease management program. Disease Management 2007;10(5):266-272. |
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Linden A. Use of the total population approach to measure U.S. disease management industry's cost savings: issues and implications. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2007;15(1):13-18. |
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Linden A. Estimating the effect of regression to the mean in health management programs. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2007;15(1):7-12. |
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Biuso TJ, Butterworth S, Linden A. Targeting prediabetes with lifestyle, clinical and behavioral management interventions. Disease Management 2007;10(1):6-15. |
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Linden A, Adams J. Determining if disease management saves money: an introduction to meta-analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2007;13(3):400-407. |
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Linden A. Is Israel ready for disease management? Israel Medical Association Journal 2006;8(10):667-671. |
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Butterworth S, Linden A, McClay M, Leo MC. The effect of motivational interviewing-based health coaching on employees' physical and mental health status. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2006;11(4):358-365. |
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Linden A. Biuso TJ. In search of financial savings from disease management: Applying the number needed to decrease (NND) analysis to a diabetic population. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2006;14(4):197-202. |
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Linden A, Trochim WMK, Adams J. Evaluating program effectiveness using the regression point displacement design. Evaluation & the Health Professions 2006;29(4):407-423. |
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Linden A. What will it take for disease management to demonstrate a return on investment? New perspectives on an old theme. American Journal of Managed Care 2006;12(4):217-222.
Winner of the 2006 DMAA Award for "Outstanding Journal Article" |
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Linden A, Butterworth SW, Roberts N. Disease management interventions II: What else is in the black box? Disease Management 2006;9(2):73-85. |
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Linden A. Evaluating the effectiveness of home health as a disease management strategy. Home Health Care Management & Practice 2006;18(3):216-222. |
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Evaluating disease management program effectiveness: an introduction to the regression-discontinuity design. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2006;12(2):124-131.
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Linden A. Measuring diagnostic and predictive accuracy in disease management: an introduction to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2006;12(2):132-139.
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Strengthening the case for disease management effectiveness: unhiding the hidden bias. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2006;12(2):140-147.
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Linden A, Adams J. Evaluating disease management program effectiveness: an introduction to instrumental variables. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2006;12(2):148-154.
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Linden A, Roberts N. Using visual displays as a tool to demonstrate disease management program effectiveness. Disease Management 2005;8(5):301-310. |
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Linden A, Roberts N. A users guide to the disease management literature: recommendations for reporting and assessing program outcomes. American Journal of Managed Care 2005;11(2):81-90.
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Evaluating disease management
program effectiveness: An introduction to the bootstrap technique. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2005;13(3):159-167. |
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Linden
A, Adams J, Roberts N. Using propensity scores to construct
comparable control groups for disease management program evaluation. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2005;13(2):107-127. |
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Evaluating disease management
program effectiveness adjusting for enrollment (tenure) and
seasonality. Research in Healthcare Financial Management 2004;9(1):57-68. |
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Linden
A, Roberts N. Disease management interventions: What’s
in the black box? Disease Management 2004;7(4):275-291. |
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Evaluating disease management
program effectiveness: An introduction to survival analysis. Disease Management 2004;7(3):180-190. |
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Linden
A, Adams J, Roberts N. The generalizability of disease management
program results: getting from here to there. Managed Care Interface 2004;17(7):38-45. |
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Using an empirical method for
establishing clinical outcome targets in disease management
programs. Disease Management 2004;7(2):93-101. |
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Evaluation methods in disease management: determining program effectiveness. Position Paper for the Disease Management Association of America (DMAA). October 2003. |
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. Evaluating disease management
program effectiveness: An introduction to time series analysis. Disease Management 2003;6(4):243-255. |
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Linden A, Adams J, Roberts N. An assessment of the total population approach for evaluating disease management program effectiveness. Disease Management 2003;6(2): 93-102. |
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Linden A, Roberts N, Keck K. The complete “how to” guide for selecting a disease management vendor. Disease Management
2003;6(1):21-26. |
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Linden A. A Risk Adjusted Method of Analysis for Bed-day Reporting at CareAmerica Health Plans. Doctoral Dissertation, 1997. |
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Linden A, Holland GJ, Loy SF, Vincent WJ. A physiological comparison of forward vs reverse wheelchair ergometry. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise 1993;25(11):1265-1268. |
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Book Chapters |
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Linden A. Designing a prospective study when randomization is not feasible. In: Bausell RB, eds. Healthcare Evaluation. Volume II: Methods and Design. London: Sage; 2012:187-201. |
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Adler-Milstein J, Linden A. The use and evaluation of IT in chronic disease management. In: Ashish D, eds. Handbook of Research on IT Management and Clinical Data Administration in Healthcare.
Hershey, PA:
IGI Publishing; 2009:1-18. |
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Linden A. Wilson T, Duncan I, Berg G. Perspectives on assessing outcomes: disease management methods. In: Hay J, Rindress D, eds. Managing disease: a comprehensive guide. Washington DC: DMAA; 2007:95-113. |
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Linden A. Pharmaceutical industry research and development.
In: Schweitzer SO. Pharmaceutical economics and policy.
New York: Oxford Press; 1997:21-41. |
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Linden A. Pharmaceutical regulation and cost containment.
In: Schweitzer SO. Pharmaceutical economics and policy.
New York: Oxford Press; 1997:171-193. |
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Letters-to-the Editor |
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Linden A. “Truth in advertising.” Health Affairs. 2008;27(5):1482-1483. Re:
Holmes AM, Ackermann RD, Zillich AJ, Katz BP, Downs SM, Inui TS. "The net fiscal impact of a chronic disease management program: Indiana Medicaid, "Health Affairs. 2008;(3):855–864. |
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Linden A. “Narrow model.” Health Affairs. 2008;27(3):899-900. Re:
Billings J, Mijanovich T.“Improving the Management of Care for High-Cost Medicaid Patients,” Health Affairs. 2007;26(6):1643–1655. |
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Wilson T, Linden A. “Measuring diabetes management.” Health Affairs. 2004;23(6):277. Re: Villagra A, Ahmed T. “Effectiveness of a disease management program for patients with diabetes.” Health Affairs. 2004;23(4):255-266. |
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Linden A, Wilson TW. “Care management for heart failure.” Ann Intern Med. 2005;142 (5):386. Re: DeBusk RF, Miller NH, Parker KM, Bandura A, Kraemer HC, Cher DJ, et al. “Care management for low-risk patients with heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial.” Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:606-13. |
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Wilson TW, Linden A. “Asthma disease management effectiveness: Were the controls equivalent to the cases?” Am J Manag Care 2005;(3):136. Re: Tinkelman D, Wilson S. Asthma disease management: Regression to the mean or better? Am J Manag Care. 2004;10(12):948-54. |
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Linden A, Wilson TW. Letter to the editor. Circulation: 2005;112(1):e11. Re: Galbreath A, “Long term healthcare and cost outcomes of disease management in a large, randomized community based population with heart failure” Circulation. 2004;110(23):3518-26. |
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Wilson TW, Linden A. “Potential bias in ‘controls’ used in a heart failure disease management program.” J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53(7):1268. Re: Berg GD, Wadhwa S, Johnson AE. “A matched-cohort study of health services utilization and financial outcomes for a heart failure disease-management program in elderly patients.” J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1-7. |
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Wilson TW, Linden A. “Disease management economic value: Unproven?” Health Affairs. 2005;24(2):566-567. Re:Fireman B, Bartlett J, Selby J. Can disease management reduce health care costs by improving quality? Health Affairs. 2004;23(6):63-75. |
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Peer-Reviewed
Abstracts |
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Linden A. Using an empirical method for setting expectations
in quality improvement initiatives. Dis Manage Assoc America,
Annual Meeting, 2003. |
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Linden A. Using time series analysis for evaluating disease
management program effectiveness. Acad Health Serv Res, Annual
Meeting, 2003. |
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Linden A. The Development of a comprehensive, yet manageable,
quality improvement program in a managed care organization;
a viable alternative to accreditation? Acad Health Serv Res,
Annual Meeting, 2002. |
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Roberts N, Linden A, Cotter T, Keck K. Improving disease management
program enrollment through a provider outreach program. Dis
Manage Assoc America, Annual Meeting, 2002. |
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Linden A, Schweitzer SO. Applying survival analysis to health
risk assessment data to predict time to first hospitalization.
Acad Health Serv Res, Annual Meeting, 2001. |
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Linden A, Schweitzer SO. A comparison of chest x-ray rates between
physicians who self- refer and those who refer patients out:
a case of inappropriate utilization? Acad Health Serv Res, Annual
Meeting, 2001. |
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Linden A, Schweitzer SO. The development of an “episode
of care” model for assessing access to care for type II
diabetics in a managed care organization. Acad Health Serv Res,
Annual Meeting, 2001. |
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Linden A, Schweitzer SO. Using ARIMA modeling for forecasting
bed-days in a Medicare HMO. Acad Health Serv Res, Annual Meeting,
2001. |
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Linden A, Schweitzer SO. Medicare HMO ambulatory service denials:
determinants and consequences. Acad Health Serv Res, Annual
Meeting, 2000. |
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Linden A, Schweitzer SO. Unintended effects of Medicare HMO
cost-containment strategies. Acad Health Serv Res, Annual Meeting,
2000. |
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Linden A, Holland GJ, Loy SF, Vincent WJ. A physiological comparison of forward vs reverse wheelchair ergometry. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;Suppl;25(5):S40. |
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